The "TSUL Legal Report" is a scientific journal established in 2020 by Tashkent State University of Law. It specializes in legal research and is published quarterly (4 times a year) exclusively in English. The journal is recognized by the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC) for publishing PhD and DSc dissertation results. It adheres to international publishing standards, including the Crossref (DOI) system and a rigorous double-blind peer review process. To ensure academic integrity, all submissions are screened via Turnitin. Articles follow a strict structural format (Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion) and utilize the APA citation style.
LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENFORCING A FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARD ANNULED IN THE COURT OF ORIGIN: ANALYSING COMMISA V. PEMEX CASE AND CHROMALLOY AEROSERVICES V. ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT
This article looks into the problems that come with enforcing foreign arbitral awards that have been set aside, especially in U.S. courts, and looks at how this affects the international dispute resolution system. The article focuses on how U.S. courts have dealt with cases such as PEMEX, a state-owned oil company, and COMMISA, a subsidiary of KBR, Inc., a U.S. construction company, and Chromalloy Aeroservices v. Arab Republic of Egypt. Enforcing awards that have been set aside is still a big topic of debate, and it gets criticized by both legal experts and professionals. Some courts respect the decisions made at the place where the arbitration happened and choose not to enforce annulled awards, showing respect for international cooperation. Others use the rules from the New York Convention to check the validity of the awards on their own and might still enforce them even if they were set aside. The study looks at how different places handle this issue, especially recent U.S. court rulings. It ends by saying these differences might hurt the main ideas of international arbitration, like fairness and efficiency.
international arbitration, foreign arbitral awards, annulment, enforcemen, New York Convention, COMMISA a subsidiary of KBR, Inc., a U.S. construction company v. state-owned oil company PEMEX, Chromalloy Aeroservices v. Arab Republic of Egypt
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GUARANTEEING PUBLIC ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS THROUGH THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF SANITARY TREE TREATMENT
This article examines the challenges of ensuring the public’s right to a healthy environment in the context of sanitary tree cutting. The study analyzes the ecological, legal, and social aspects of managing urban green spaces. It establishes that while the primary purpose of sanitary cutting is to maintain ecological balance by removing diseased, damaged, or hazardous trees, improper execution can lead to the loss of green cover, degraded air quality, and the infringement of environmental rights. Drawing on the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, international standards, and current scientific research, the article outlines the necessary procedures for compliant and sustainable management. The results suggest that strengthening environmental oversight, fostering public participation, and implementing integrated digital tools, such as the electronic ecological passport, are essential to addressing these issues. The article concludes with practical recommendations for improving regulatory practices in sanitary tree management to promote sustainable urban forestry development.
sanitary pruning, cambium, dendrology, environmental protection, ecological safety, public control, electronic ecological passport
THE EUROPEAN UNION’S REGIONAL APPROACH TO COMBATING ILLEGAL MIGRATION
This article examines the European Union’s regional approach to combating illegal migration in the context of increasing cross-border mobility, security challenges, and humanitarian concerns. The main objective of the study is to analyze how the European Union designs and implements cooperative mechanisms with its member states and neighboring regions in order to prevent, manage, and reduce irregular migration flows. The research applies qualitative and comparative legal methods, including the analysis of EU migration policies, international legal instruments, regional agreements, and institutional practices such as Frontex operations and cooperation with third countries. The article identifies several key problems, including the unequal distribution of responsibilities among EU member states, insufficient coordination with countries of origin and transit, persistent human rights risks for migrants, and the limited effectiveness of return and readmission mechanisms. These challenges undermine the overall capacity of the EU to respond to illegal migration in a coherent and sustainable manner. Based on the findings, the study proposes a set of legal and policy recommendations, such as strengthening regional cooperation frameworks, improving information exchange and border management systems, expanding legal migration channels, and ensuring stronger protection of migrants’ rights. The results of this research contribute to a better understanding of EU migration governance and offer practical guidance for enhancing regional security and migration management.
illegal migration, European Union, regional cooperation, Frontex, migration law, border management, human rights
PROSPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN IN COMBATING CYBERCRIME AGAINST CHILDREN
This article examines the organizational and legal mechanisms for strengthening international cooperation in combating cybercrimes committed against children. The research focuses on the interaction between Uzbekistan’s national legal framework and international standards on children’s rights, cybercrime, digital evidence and cross-border cooperation. The study applies normative-legal, comparative-legal, systematic and empirical methods. An expert-oriented survey of 47 respondents conducted through Google Forms in November 2025 is used to assess practical perceptions of existing legal gaps. The findings show that most respondents consider the current national framework insufficient for addressing cybercrimes against children, especially because of the lack of precise legal definitions, difficulties in collecting digital evidence, limited cooperation with foreign technology platforms and the absence of specialized procedural tools. The article argues that criminalization alone is not enough: Uzbekistan needs an integrated model combining substantive criminal law reform, a 24/7 contact point, faster preservation of electronic evidence, binding cooperation duties for technology companies and preventive measures in schools and families. The conclusions may be used in legislative drafting, law-enforcement practice and child protection policy.
international cooperation, cybercrime, child rights, digital evidence, online grooming, sextortion, technology platforms
THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS FOR ENSURING THE HUMAN RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the system of universal international legal instruments designed to ensure the human right to a healthy environment. The study examines both foundational United Nations human rights documents that have received environmental interpretation through the practice of treaty bodies, and specialized multilateral environmental conventions. Particular attention is devoted to climate agreements, conventions on biodiversity, transboundary environmental impact, and hazardous substances. The article traces the evolution of approaches from the indirect protection of environmental rights through classical human rights norms towards the explicit recognition of the nexus between human rights and the environment in the 2015 Paris Agreement. The research encompasses the role of regional human rights courts in developing environmental jurisprudence, as well as mechanisms for implementing international obligations at the domestic level. A systematic approach to the application of diverse international instruments is emphasized as essential for achieving comprehensive protection of environmental rights. The study concludes that, despite the absence of a single universal treaty explicitly enshrining the right to a healthy environment, a multi-layered system of international agreements has emerged that ensures the holistic protection of this right through the integration of international environmental and human rights law norms. The findings contribute to the theoretical foundations of international environmental law and human rights scholarship.
Framework Convention on Climate Change, Paris Agreement, Convention on Biological Diversity, Basel Convention, Stockholm Convention, Minamata Convention, Vienna Convention on the Ozone Layer, Montreal Protocol, environmental interpretation of rights, human right to a healthy environment
CRYPTO-ACTIVES AS A NEW MEANS OF CORRUPTION CRIME: INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY MECHANISMS
This article examines the use of digital financial assets, particularly cryptocurrencies, as new instruments for committing corruption-related crimes. The research aims to analyze the legal characterization of corruption offenses involving cryptocurrencies, evidentiary challenges, and the effectiveness of national and international criminal liability mechanisms. The relevance of the study stems from the fact that pseudonymous features of blockchain technology, decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms, and privacy coins significantly complicate the identification of parties to corrupt transactions. The study employs comparative-legal, systemic-structural, formal-juridical, and statistical analysis methods. A comparative analysis of the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan and foreign countries was carried out. The results demonstrate that in many countries, the criminal-legal status of cryptocurrencies has not yet been fully defined, which complicates the qualification of corruption offenses. The research findings substantiate the need to improve national criminal legislation, expand blockchain forensics capabilities, and strengthen international cooperation mechanisms.
cryptocurrency, corruption, blockchain, criminal liability, digital financial assets, money laundering, KYC/AML, FATF
SCIENTIFIC-THEORETICAL ISSUES OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE IN INVESTIGATING CYBERBULLYING CRIMES
This article analyzes the scientific and theoretical aspects of electronic evidence in the investigation of cyberbullying crimes. It covers the concept of cyberbullying, its manifestations in the modern digital environment, and the role of electronic evidence in identifying and proving this type of crime. It also examines the specific characteristics of electronic evidence, problems that arise in the process of collecting, storing, and evaluating it. During the study, the main types of electronic evidence encountered in cyberbullying-related crimes are identified and their importance in the investigation process is justified. Practical problems that arise when working with electronic evidence are analyzed and the theoretical foundations for their elimination are highlighted. The results of this study serve to further understand the role and importance of electronic evidence in the effective investigation of cyberbullying crimes.
cyberbullying, electronic evidence, digital forensics, investigative process, social media, IP address, metadata, log files, cybercrime, evidence evaluation
CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR DIGITAL CORRUPTION: UZBEKISTAN IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
Digital transformation has significantly altered state operations while simultaneously reshaping the landscape of corruption. New schemes, inherently tied to emerging technologies, are increasingly categorized as “digital corruption.” This paper examines how criminal liability for such acts is regulated across several jurisdictions, focusing on the United States, Germany, and Singapore. These international approaches are subsequently compared with the legislative framework of the Republic of Uzbekistan using a comparative legal methodology to identify both commonalities and regulatory gaps. The analysis encompasses legal definitions, enforcement mechanisms, and practical experiences regarding corruption linked to digital assets, e-government platforms, and cyber-related misconduct. A key finding is the efficacy of flexible legal language in leading jurisdictions; terms such as “anything of value,” “benefit,” or “gratification” provide the necessary breadth to encompass modern forms of bribery, including cryptocurrency transfers and intangible advantages. While Uzbekistan’s Criminal Code remains robust, its reliance on the traditional formulation of “tangible valuables or pecuniary benefit” may be insufficiently broad to capture non-material digital advantages. Consequently, the paper concludes that Uzbekistan would benefit from updating its legal terminology to reflect international standards. Furthermore, the development of specialized expertise in digital evidence and the deepening of international cooperation are presented as essential requirements for the legal system to effectively mitigate contemporary corruption risks in the digital age.
digital corruption, criminal liability, cryptocurrency bribery, cyber-enabled corruption, anti-corruption enforcement, digital assets in criminal law
THE IMPORTANCE OF CITIZENSHIP AND EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICANTS TO OBTAIN ADVOCATE STATUS
In this article, the requirements of citizenship and educational qualifications for obtaining advocate status are examined and thoroughly analyzed on the basis of national legislation, the views of scholars, and the positive aspects of the legislation of foreign countries (USA, UK, Russian Federation, France, Japan, Georgia, Lithuania, Finland, Italy, Vietnam, China, Turkey, Germany, Sweden, South Korea, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Ukraine). The authors scientifically substantiate the need to optimize the requirement of holding citizenship of the Republic of Uzbekistan for obtaining advocate status, as well as to further clarify the educational qualification as a “basic higher legal education.” In addition, they argue that, by way of exception, the requirement of possessing “basic higher legal education” should be waived for individuals holding an academic degree. Furthermore, the authors have developed proposals and recommendations aimed not only at improving legislation, but also at further enriching the theory of advocacy. These findings contribute significantly to the ongoing legal discourse regarding professional standards and the modernization of the national legal system.
advocate status, citizenship requirement, legal profession, educational qualifications, basic higher legal education, advocacy reform, comparative legal analysis
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION LAW IN THE TURKIC STATES OF AZERBAIJAN, TÜRKIYE AND UZBEKISTAN
This research paper examines the international commercial arbitration legal frameworks in three jurisdictions: Azerbaijan, Türkiye, and Uzbekistan. These three Turkic States, positioned at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, have emerged as significant players in international trade and investment, necessitating robust arbitration systems to resolve cross-border commercial disputes. The study reveals that while all three jurisdictions have made substantial progress in developing their arbitration frameworks, they exhibit varying degrees of alignment with international standards. Türkiye has established the most sophisticated arbitration regime and developed institutional infrastructure through the Istanbul Arbitration Centre. Uzbekistan has demonstrated remarkable recent progress, particularly with its 2021 Law on International Commercial Arbitration and the establishment of the Tashkent International Arbitration Centre in 2018. Azerbaijan has also modernized its arbitration framework with the adoption of the 2023 Law on Arbitration and the establishment of the Baku Arbitration Centre in 2025. The findings indicate that all three countries are signatories to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, demonstrating their commitment to international arbitration standards. However, enforcement mechanisms vary, with all three jurisdictions showing judicial support for arbitration and some issues such as public policy exceptions examined carefully. Recent reforms reflect a regional trend toward harmonization with international best practices, including legislative amendments to streamline enforcement procedures and strengthen institutional capacity. The paper concludes with recommendations for legislative reforms, institutional development and capacity building to position these jurisdictions as competitive arbitration venues in the Eurasian region.
international commercial arbitration, arbitration institutions, arbitrability, enforcement, public policy, the UNCITRAL Model Law, the New York Convention, Azerbaijan, Türkiye, Uzbekistan
CIVIL LAW STATUS OF A BONA FIDE POSSESSOR IN CIS COUNTRIES: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS
Despite the considerable attention paid in civil law scholarship to the protection of ownership and other real rights, no sufficiently clear and systematic approach has yet been developed with regard to the legal regulation of relations involving bona fide possessors. As a result, significant difficulties remain in the protection and restoration of the subjective rights and legally protected interests of such persons. The problem becomes particularly acute where the legislator fails to provide an objective and workable definition of a ‘bona fide possessor,’ thereby complicating the judicial resolution of disputes. The concept of a bona fide possessor is closely connected with the institution of vindication, because the relevant legal rules seek to maintain a balance between the interests of the owner and those of the bona fide acquirer. Under contemporary civil legislation, the owner is not entitled to recover property in every case, and the good faith of the acquirer therefore becomes decisive. This article examines the civil law status of the bona fide possessor through a comparative analysis of the legislation, doctrine, and judicial approaches of CIS countries and several related post-Soviet jurisdictions. It argues that comparative legal experience demonstrates different models of balancing transactional stability, trust in property circulation, and the protection of original ownership.
bona fide possessor, bona fide acquirer, vindication, property rights, civil law, comparative law, protection of possession
THE RIGHT TO ACCESS ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION: PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING THE AARHUS CONVENTION IN UZBEKISTAN
This article focuses on the legal regulation of access to environmental information in Uzbekistan after the country’s accession to the Aarhus Convention. The research analyzes how the Convention’s key requirements on environmental information, public participation, and access to justice can be reflected in national legislation and administrative practice. The topic is relevant because Uzbekistan now has an international obligation to improve the openness of environmental data, ensure meaningful public involvement in environmental decision-making, and provide effective remedies when these rights are violated. The purpose of the study is to identify the main gaps in the current legal framework and to propose practical directions for implementing Aarhus standards in Uzbekistan. The article is based on the analysis of international legal norms, national legislation, and recent scholarly approaches to environmental democracy. As a result, the article reveals that environmental information should be developed as an independent legal category, public authorities should disclose such information proactively, and judicial and administrative protection mechanisms should be strengthened. The results may be used in improving environmental legislation, open data policy, and public participation procedures. The article concludes that effective implementation of the Aarhus Convention requires transparent information databases, meaningful public hearings, and accessible justice mechanisms.
environmental law, environmental governance, transparency, environmental information, public participation, access to justice, Aarhus Convention
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LEGAL DRAFTING: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF UZBEKISTAN AND CHINA
This article provides a comparative legal analysis of the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in drafting legal documents in Uzbekistan and China. It explores the evolution of AI from a supplementary tool to a central component of digital justice. The study reviews legislative initiatives in both countries, such as Uzbekistan’s ethical standards slated for 2026 and China’s implementation of the “smart courts” system. Special emphasis is placed on AI’s functional capabilities, including automated contract generation, the detection of corruption risks in legislative acts, and the examination of judicial precedents. The research highlights significant differences between the two nations’ approaches, particularly in areas such as algorithmic liability and personal data protection. While China emphasizes the comprehensive integration of AI into public governance, Uzbekistan follows the “human-in-the-loop” principle, restricting the legal authority of algorithms. The paper concludes with a call to harmonize standards for algorithmic transparency in order to mitigate risks associated with AI “hallucinations.” The findings from this study aim to provide guidance for improving national legislation related to the digital transformation of the legal sector.
rtificial intelligence, legal drafting, legal tech, AI ethics, natural language processing, digitalization of justice, legislation of Uzbekistan, Chinese law, algorithmic accountability
AI AND THE FUTURE OF ANTI-CORRUPTION GOVERNANCE
Corruption remains a persistent global problem, and many Central Asian states have demonstrated limited advancement or even deterioration in their efforts to address it. Although Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have achieved measurable progress, countries such as Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan have seen notable setbacks, highlighting ongoing institutional and governance deficiencies. This study emphasizes the growing relevance of artificial intelligence as a potential instrument in anti-corruption initiatives. Through capabilities such as large-scale data analysis, anomaly detection, risk prediction, and the automation of bureaucratic procedures, AI can help minimize opportunities for misconduct and strengthen transparency. The paper also examines Uzbekistan’s current anti-corruption reforms, particularly the digitalization of administrative processes, while noting that the integration of advanced AI tools remains at an early stage. Nevertheless, the adoption of AI introduces its own risks, including algorithmic bias, data privacy issues, and the possibility of exploitation by authorities. To be effective, AI-driven anti-corruption frameworks must be supported by robust governance mechanisms, openness, accountability, and ongoing evaluation. Ultimately, the research stresses that meaningful cooperation between state institutions, civil society organizations, and the private sector is crucial to fully realize AI’s potential while ensuring ethical, equitable, and trustworthy approaches to fighting corruption.
artificial intelligence, administrative oversight, discretionary power, anti-corruption efforts, political malpractice, legal gaps, digital governance algorithmic accountability
ANALYSIS OF CORRUPTION FACTORS RELATED TO MATCH-FIXING IN PROFESSIONAL SPORTS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of corruption factors associated with match-fixing in professional sports in Uzbekistan. Match-fixing is recognized as one of the most serious threats to the integrity of sports, as it undermines fair competition, damages public trust, and diminishes the social and economic value of athletic achievements. The study highlights the main causes of match-fixing, including financial instability among athletes and clubs, the tendency of players and coaches to seek illegal profits, weak monitoring and control mechanisms, and insufficient transparency within sports organizations and refereeing systems. The research methodology combines legal analysis, comparative study of international practices, and case studies of disciplinary proceedings in Uzbekistan between 2019 and 2023. Results reveal that 77 individuals, including players, referees, and coaches, were sanctioned for match-fixing while Uzbek tennis players and swimmers faced international disciplinary measures. However, sanctions remain primarily disciplinary, with no criminal liability established in national legislation. The discussion compares Uzbekistan’s situation with countries such as Bulgaria, Denmark, and Germany, which criminalized match-fixing, and with the Council of Europe’s Macolin Convention. The conclusion emphasizes the urgent need to introduce criminal liability, strengthen preventive mechanisms, and enhance cooperation between sports federations and law enforcement agencies.
match-fixing, corruption, professional sports, sports law, transparency, prevention, ethics, criminal liability
THE CHALLENGES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL AGE
This paper explores the complex and evolving landscape of human rights protection in the context of rapid digital transformation. The proliferation of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, big data, and social media platforms, has created new opportunities for exercising fundamental rights such as freedom of expression, access to information, and participation in public life. At the same time, it has introduced unprecedented risks, including mass surveillance, data privacy violations, algorithmic discrimination, and the erosion of personal autonomy. The study highlights the tension between technological innovation and the safeguarding of universal human rights, emphasizing the need for robust international legal frameworks and adaptive governance mechanisms. The conclusions made in the article are further supported by empirical evidence showing the existence of digital inequality, internet shutdowns, and discrimination, despite the soft law consensus. The article argues that the protection of digital human rights requires the development of a legally binding international treaty, the evolving nature of the law governing the digital environment, and the effectiveness of international monitoring.
international law, human rights, digital rights, internet access, freedom of expression, digital inequality, algorithmic discrimination, artificial intelligence
EXTRADITION AS A MECHANISM OF THE INEVITABILITY OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY
The article examines extradition as a criminal-law mechanism for implementing the principle of the inevitability of criminal liability in the context of the growing transnational nature of crime and the expansion of international cooperation between states. It is argued that although extradition is traditionally classified within international and criminal procedural law, it possesses a distinct criminal-law dimension, as it is directly related to the extraterritorial application of criminal law and the enforcement of criminal responsibility. The study analyzes the criminal-law grounds of extradition, including the principle of double criminality, the seriousness of the offense, limitation periods, and other factors determining the admissibility of surrender. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between extradition and alternative forms of exercising criminal jurisdiction, as well as its role in preventing the evasion of criminal liability through cross-border movement. The article concludes that extradition serves as an essential instrument for ensuring the inevitability of criminal responsibility and enhances the effectiveness of criminal-law protection. Proposals are formulated for further theoretical development of extradition within the system of criminal law.
extradition, criminal liability, inevitability of responsibility, international cooperation, criminal jurisdiction, transnational crime, double criminality
CAUSES OF CRIMES AGAINST THE SEXUAL INVIOLABILITY OF MINORS AND CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR COMMISSION
The article provides a comprehensive criminological analysis of the causes and conditions contributing to crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors. The study examines theoretical and doctrinal approaches to distinguishing between the concepts of “causes” and “conditions” of crime and assesses their significance in the formation of criminal behavior. The purpose of the research is to identify the key criminological determinants of crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors and to clarify the role of objective and subjective factors influencing their commission. Particular attention is paid to subjective and objective factors influencing the commission of such crimes, including family upbringing, social environment, the level of legal and moral awareness of minors, and victimological characteristics of victims’ behavior. Based on the analysis of statistical data, criminal case materials, and judicial practice, the article reveals the dynamics, structure, and latent nature of crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors. The research is based on the analysis of official crime statistics, the study of criminal case materials, and comparative legal analysis of legislation regulating the age of sexual consent in foreign countries. The paper also addresses the consequences of sexual crimes for the physical and psychological development of children and presents a comparative legal analysis of the age of sexual consent in foreign jurisdictions. The article concludes with recommendations aimed at improving mechanisms for the prevention of sexual crimes against minors and strengthening the protection of children’s rights.
crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors, criminological causes, crime conditions, victimology, family upbringing, latent crime, crime prevention, sexual offenses, age of sexual consent
GENERAL SUPERVISION IN THE MECHANISM OF ENSURING LEGALITY: THE THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT OF PROSECUTORIAL ACTIVITY
This scientific article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the so-called “general supervision” as a universal and system-forming direction of prosecutorial activity within the mechanism of ensuring the rule of law and constitutional legality. The paper reconsiders the doctrinal content of general supervision, analyzing its legal nature, functional purpose, and place within the system of state and public control. Special attention is paid to the structural elements of the subject of prosecutorial supervision, including compliance with the Constitution, implementation of laws, and conformity of legal acts with legislative requirements, as well as their relationship with other forms of prosecutorial activity. Based on theoretical-legal and formal-legal analysis, the article substantiates the thesis that the universal character of general supervision is manifested not only in the broad scope of supervised entities but also in the ability of the prosecution to exercise oversight regardless of the departmental affiliation of organs and organizations, promptly responding to violations of legality in various spheres of public relations. It is shown that general supervision represents an independent type of legal activity aimed at detecting, preventing, and suppressing legal violations, restoring infringed rights and lawful interests of citizens, and ensuring uniform application of legislation throughout the state territory. The article also identifies and analyzes problematic aspects of implementing general supervision, including normative uncertainty of its content, duplication of control functions with other public authorities, significant workload on prosecutorial bodies, and insufficient development of criteria for evaluating supervisory effectiveness.
general supervision, prosecution, constitutional legality, subject of supervision, law enforcement, legality, rule of law state
LEGAL REGULATION, PRACTICE, AND SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF LAND SERVITUDE IN THE LEGISLATION OF UZBEKISTAN AND CIS COUNTRIES
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations, historical development, modern trends, and legislative changes concerning legal relations related to land servitudes in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Special attention is given to the various forms of restricted land use rights (servitudes) for private and public needs, their legal basis, and pressing issues in practice. The article discusses the procedures for establishing servitude rights, grounds for their termination, disputes arising from servitudes, and mechanisms for their resolution. A comparative analysis is also made with the practices of CIS countries, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and the Russian Federation, highlighting both positive and negative aspects. The article outlines Uzbekistan’s experience in regulating servitude relations, achievements, and shortcomings and offers a critical assessment of mechanisms that have proven ineffective in practice. Finally, the article presents proposals and future directions for improving the servitude institution.
land servitude, restricted use right, real servitude, personal servitude, state needs, private property, property owner rights, legal reforms
THE IMPORTANCE OF INTRODUCING REGIONAL “ROADMAPS” IN SUPPORTING YOUTH EMPLOYMENT
The article analyzes modern mechanisms for ensuring youth employment, the need to develop “road maps” tailored to regional labor markets, and their practical effectiveness. Specifically, the study examines a model for regional programs aimed at increasing youth employment, drawing on data from several specific regions. Furthermore, proposals will be put forward to establish a vocational training system, taking into account the needs of the local labor market. Grounded in the President’s Address to the Oliy Majlis and the people, the article investigates regional production and employment issues, with a focus on youth demographics. Special emphasis is placed on the potential for creating a high-quality labor market by leveraging internal regional resources. The main idea of this article is that one of the priority tasks is the development of a mechanism for solving employment issues related to the group of social rights of youth, as well as the harmonious formation of this mechanism with legislative acts aimed at increasing the economic potential of the regions. It should be noted that the wide opportunities and attention given to young people by the head of state today are based on the future of our country.
youth employment, roadmap, labor market, regional specialization, vocational training, internship, employment program
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LABOR LAW OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
This article examines the system of fundamental principles of labor law enshrined in Article 3 of the Labor Code of the Kyrgyz Republic. Using doctrinal, historical, and comparative legal methods, the study analyzes the evolution of labor law principles from the first Labor Code of 1997 through the 2004 Code to the current Code adopted in 2025. Special attention is paid to the legal content, structure, and practical implementation of key principles, including freedom of labor, prohibition of forced labor, non-discrimination, and the right to fair remuneration, protection against unjustified dismissal, safe working conditions, and social protection against unemployment. The research also identifies gaps between the declarative formulation of these principles and their actual enforcement in legal practice. The article argues that while the 2025 Labor Code consolidates a socially oriented and balanced model of labor regulation, further legislative clarification and institutional mechanisms are necessary to ensure that labor law principles function as effective legal guarantees rather than purely symbolic norms.
labor law, fundamental principles, Labor Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, freedom of labor, non-discrimination, forced labor, social protection, employment rights, labor legislation reform
A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL LEGAL POLICY MODELS
This article provides a comparative legal analysis of the national legal policy models of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Republic of Belarus. The study conceptualizes legal policy as the state’s strategic activity aimed at shaping and developing the legal system and focuses on identifying its constitutional foundations, regulatory priorities, and institutional mechanisms. The findings demonstrate that the substance and orientation of legal policy models are directly linked to a state’s political and legal structure, the degree of separation of powers, and the system of legal values. The German model is grounded in the primacy of the rule of law state and constitutional review, whereas the Russian and Belarusian models reveal a close interconnection between legal policy and state interests, as well as political stability. The legal policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is characterized as a transitional model that combines strategic planning with legal modernization. The article substantiates that these conclusions not only enrich legal policy theory but also hold scientific and practical significance for improving national legal systems and planning legal reform processes.
legal policy, national legal model, rule of law, constitutional review, state–law relations, regulatory legal system, legal modernization, comparative legal analysis, legal reforms
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF THE RIGHT TO INTERNET ACCESS: A NEW GENERATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
In this article, it is thoroughly analyzed how the use of the Internet has acquired the status of a fundamental right within the framework of international law and how this process has been successful in some cases. The study examines such important legal frameworks as regional normative documents on human rights, and statements of the Special Rapporteurs, decisions of the UN Human Rights Council as well as the experience of new states. This study reveals important contradictions through theoretical analysis and practical study of Internet disruptions and access barriers. On the one hand, at least at the theoretical level, there is growing international consensus on the issue of digital rights. However, real practice demonstrates an even more alarming picture: government structures continue to impose restrictions largely unpunished, often relying on vague interpretations of national security, which indicates that international law does not have sufficient force to act as an effective barrier. The study shows that although access to the Internet has not achieved the status of an autonomous human right in compulsory contract law, its functional necessity for the exercise of established rights (freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, and freedom of information) has created what can be called de facto directly through the back door.
internet access, human rights, international law, digital rights, freedom of expression, UN resolutions, internet shutdowns, digital divide
CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORISM FINANCING
The study is devoted to the legal nature and theoretical justification of the concept of terrorism financing, which is considered as an independent crime that emerged as a result of the development of international and national anti-terrorism legislation. The paper analyzes the subject and topic of the research by establishing the connection between terrorism, crimes of a terrorist nature, and the financial mechanisms that ensure their commission. The aim of the research is to identify problems related to the legal definition of terrorism financing and to substantiate the need for its normative improvement. The relevance of the study is determined by the absence of a unified approach in legislation and doctrine, which complicates law-enforcement practice and the identification of this act. The methodological basis consists of comparative-legal, systemic, and formal-legal methods. As a result, significant differences between international and national definitions of terrorism and terrorism financing were identified, demonstrating the incompleteness of current formulations and the need for an expanded interpretation. The practical significance lies in the possibility of applying the proposed conclusions to improve criminal legislation and mechanisms for combating terrorism financing. It is concluded that clarifying the normative definition, taking into account international standards, and incorporating the category of crimes of a terrorist nature into legal regulation are essential for the proper qualification of terrorism financing.
Terrorism, crimes of a terrorist nature, international standards for combating terrorism, terrorism financing, legal regulation, criminal liability, terrorist act, national legislation
THE ROLE OF MEZZANINE CAPITAL IN FINANCING ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY AND ITS LEGAL REGULATION
This article aims to examine the role of mezzanine financing – a non-traditional, hybrid instrument – in situations where conventional methods (bank loans, leasing) lack flexibility and sufficient risk appetite for innovative projects. Mezzanine finance combines elements of debt and equity, allowing companies to attract substantial capital without diluting existing shareholding, and holds an intermediate position in the priority ranking during insolvency, situated between senior creditors and shareholders. The core of the research consists of a comparative analysis of mezzanine’s legal regulation. The article details the relationships between the key participants in a Mezzanine transaction – the borrower, the senior creditor, and the mezzanine creditor – including their priority, the collateral (shares/equity interests), and return requirements. The conclusion substantiates the need to implement relevant norms into Uzbekistan’s national legislation, drawing on the similarities between mezzanine and existing financing types, including the introduction of accelerated foreclosure procedures and the establishment of legal certainty for private investments.
hybrid capital, mezzanine financing, legal regulation, entrepreneurship, investor, structural subordination, share
PROPERTY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (3D PRINTING): A SUI GENERIS PERSPECTIVE WITHIN CIVIL LAW
The article examines the complex civil-law regulation of digital and physical objects created through additive manufacturing technologies. Drawing on comparative analysis of the Uzbek Civil Code, the Laws on Copyright, Patents, and E-Commerce, and strategic documents such as the Strategy “Uzbekistan – 2030” and Digital Uzbekistan–2030, the study identifies significant legal gaps in defining ownership, authorship, and liability concerning 3D-printed objects and their digital design files (CAD models). The article contrasts Uzbekistan’s framework with the approaches of the EU, USA, China, Germany, France, and post-Soviet jurisdictions, emphasizing how most countries rely on adapting existing property and intellectual property doctrines rather than introducing a new regulatory regime. The analysis highlights unresolved doctrinal issues such as the dual nature of 3D-printed property (digital and material), uncertainty of rights transfer in digital environments, and insufficient enforcement mechanisms for online infringements. Finally, the author proposes sui generis reforms within Uzbekistan’s civil law – clarifying digital goods ownership, expanding copyright scope to CAD files, introducing limited-use exceptions, and strengthening IP enforcement online – aligning national legislation with international best practice and the technological goals of Strategy 2030.
additive manufacturing, 3D printing, property rights, intellectual property, digital goods, CAD files, copyright, sui generis regulation
THE ROLE AND POWERS OF LOCAL COUNCILS IN THE FIELD OF LOCAL BUDGET MANAGEMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the evolving role of local councils (Kengashes) in Uzbekistan’s budget formation and execution processes within the framework of ongoing decentralization and public financial management reforms. Drawing on the Constitution, the Budget Code, and the Law “On Local State Authority,” it identifies the constitutional and legal foundations of council authority in fiscal governance. The study employs a qualitative legal-document analysis method combined with international assessments. Findings show that recent reforms have significantly enhanced transparency, citizen participation, and local fiscal oversight. The article highlights that while Uzbekistan’s legal architecture provides robust powers for local councils in budget approval and monitoring, practical challenges remain in ensuring effective autonomy, data transparency, and fiscal discipline at subnational levels. Strengthening institutional capacity, ensuring consistent oversight by councils, and aligning with international governance standards are emphasized as prerequisites for sustainable fiscal decentralization. Overall, the research concludes that empowering local councils through legal and procedural reforms can transform them into key drivers of accountable, inclusive, and development-oriented local governance.
local councils, budget process, fiscal decentralization, budget transparency, participatory budgeting, public financial management
LEGAL ANALYSIS OF JOURNALISTIC INVESTIGATION
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of journalistic investigation, examining its theoretical foundations, developmental stages, and position within contemporary journalism. By synthesizing scholarly sources and practical examples, the study clarifies the essence, social functions, and distinct characteristics of the investigative branch. It further explores the legal framework and ethical principles governing information collection and dissemination, emphasizing the journalist’s rights and obligations. Special attention is directed toward the role of investigative journalism in facilitating public oversight and strengthening the transparency and accountability of civil society institutions. The research scientifically substantiates the genre’s potential for identifying societal problems, monitoring state bodies, combating corruption, and promoting social justice. Additionally, the study distinguishes between “journalistic investigation” and “journalistic inquiry,” comparing national and international scholarly perspectives on their objectives and scope. The article concludes by defining the significance of the investigative genre within modern journalism theory and the global information landscape.
public oversight, journalist, journalistic investigation, inquiry, monitoring, information
THE BRITISH NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICING MODEL: ADAPTATION POTENTIAL IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the institutional, legal, and practical aspects of the British neighbourhood policing model, as implemented in London, to assess its adaptability to Uzbekistan. Employing a methodological blend of comparative legal analysis, institutional theory, and empirical sociological methods, the study evaluates the model’s core elements, drawing on UK legislation (e.g., National Security Act 2023), the City of London Police Strategy (2024–2025), and Office for National Statistics data. Key features include administrative clustering, Dedicated Ward Officers, Partnership and Prevention Hubs, Cluster Panel Meetings, and the Community Profile digital tool, underpinned by evidence-based policing, territorial accountability, transparency, and participatory governance. A sociological survey in Uzbekistan (n=300) highlights strong spatial identity, public willingness to collaborate with law enforcement, and demand for enhanced police visibility. The article proposes adapting the model through Uzbekistan’s National Guard, introducing a Mahalla Community Profile, analytical hubs, and cluster-based community engagement. An adaptation algorithm is outlined, focusing on regulatory frameworks, personnel professionalization (aligned with ProQual Level 3), digital security management, and feedback mechanisms. The study’s novelty lies in its strategic approach to localizing a foreign policing model, accounting for Uzbekistan’s cultural, spatial, and institutional contexts. Its findings offer theoretical insights for policing reform and practical guidance for public safety policies in developing nations.
public safety, neighbourhood policing, Dedicated Ward Officers (DWOs), Mahalla Community Profile, cluster model, evidence-based policing, civic partnership, institutional transformation, procedural justice, digital security governance