The "TSUL Legal Report" is a scientific journal established in 2020 by Tashkent State University of Law. It specializes in legal research and is published quarterly (4 times a year) exclusively in English. The journal is recognized by the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC) for publishing PhD and DSc dissertation results. It adheres to international publishing standards, including the Crossref (DOI) system and a rigorous double-blind peer review process. To ensure academic integrity, all submissions are screened via Turnitin. Articles follow a strict structural format (Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion) and utilize the APA citation style.
AI AND THE FUTURE OF ANTI-CORRUPTION GOVERNANCE
Corruption remains a persistent global problem, and many Central Asian states have demonstrated limited advancement or even deterioration in their efforts to address it. Although Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have achieved measurable progress, countries such as Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan have seen notable setbacks, highlighting ongoing institutional and governance deficiencies. This study emphasizes the growing relevance of artificial intelligence as a potential instrument in anti-corruption initiatives. Through capabilities such as large-scale data analysis, anomaly detection, risk prediction, and the automation of bureaucratic procedures, AI can help minimize opportunities for misconduct and strengthen transparency. The paper also examines Uzbekistan’s current anti-corruption reforms, particularly the digitalization of administrative processes, while noting that the integration of advanced AI tools remains at an early stage. Nevertheless, the adoption of AI introduces its own risks, including algorithmic bias, data privacy issues, and the possibility of exploitation by authorities. To be effective, AI-driven anti-corruption frameworks must be supported by robust governance mechanisms, openness, accountability, and ongoing evaluation. Ultimately, the research stresses that meaningful cooperation between state institutions, civil society organizations, and the private sector is crucial to fully realize AI’s potential while ensuring ethical, equitable, and trustworthy approaches to fighting corruption.
artificial intelligence, administrative oversight, discretionary power, anti-corruption efforts, political malpractice, legal gaps, digital governance algorithmic accountability
ANALYSIS OF CORRUPTION FACTORS RELATED TO MATCH-FIXING IN PROFESSIONAL SPORTS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of corruption factors associated with match-fixing in professional sports in Uzbekistan. Match-fixing is recognized as one of the most serious threats to the integrity of sports, as it undermines fair competition, damages public trust, and diminishes the social and economic value of athletic achievements. The study highlights the main causes of match-fixing, including financial instability among athletes and clubs, the tendency of players and coaches to seek illegal profits, weak monitoring and control mechanisms, and insufficient transparency within sports organizations and refereeing systems. The research methodology combines legal analysis, comparative study of international practices, and case studies of disciplinary proceedings in Uzbekistan between 2019 and 2023. Results reveal that 77 individuals, including players, referees, and coaches, were sanctioned for match-fixing while Uzbek tennis players and swimmers faced international disciplinary measures. However, sanctions remain primarily disciplinary, with no criminal liability established in national legislation. The discussion compares Uzbekistan’s situation with countries such as Bulgaria, Denmark, and Germany, which criminalized match-fixing, and with the Council of Europe’s Macolin Convention. The conclusion emphasizes the urgent need to introduce criminal liability, strengthen preventive mechanisms, and enhance cooperation between sports federations and law enforcement agencies.
match-fixing, corruption, professional sports, sports law, transparency, prevention, ethics, criminal liability
THE CHALLENGES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL AGE
This paper explores the complex and evolving landscape of human rights protection in the context of rapid digital transformation. The proliferation of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, big data, and social media platforms, has created new opportunities for exercising fundamental rights such as freedom of expression, access to information, and participation in public life. At the same time, it has introduced unprecedented risks, including mass surveillance, data privacy violations, algorithmic discrimination, and the erosion of personal autonomy. The study highlights the tension between technological innovation and the safeguarding of universal human rights, emphasizing the need for robust international legal frameworks and adaptive governance mechanisms. The conclusions made in the article are further supported by empirical evidence showing the existence of digital inequality, internet shutdowns, and discrimination, despite the soft law consensus. The article argues that the protection of digital human rights requires the development of a legally binding international treaty, the evolving nature of the law governing the digital environment, and the effectiveness of international monitoring.
international law, human rights, digital rights, internet access, freedom of expression, digital inequality, algorithmic discrimination, artificial intelligence
EXTRADITION AS A MECHANISM OF THE INEVITABILITY OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY
The article examines extradition as a criminal-law mechanism for implementing the principle of the inevitability of criminal liability in the context of the growing transnational nature of crime and the expansion of international cooperation between states. It is argued that although extradition is traditionally classified within international and criminal procedural law, it possesses a distinct criminal-law dimension, as it is directly related to the extraterritorial application of criminal law and the enforcement of criminal responsibility. The study analyzes the criminal-law grounds of extradition, including the principle of double criminality, the seriousness of the offense, limitation periods, and other factors determining the admissibility of surrender. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between extradition and alternative forms of exercising criminal jurisdiction, as well as its role in preventing the evasion of criminal liability through cross-border movement. The article concludes that extradition serves as an essential instrument for ensuring the inevitability of criminal responsibility and enhances the effectiveness of criminal-law protection. Proposals are formulated for further theoretical development of extradition within the system of criminal law.
extradition, criminal liability, inevitability of responsibility, international cooperation, criminal jurisdiction, transnational crime, double criminality
CAUSES OF CRIMES AGAINST THE SEXUAL INVIOLABILITY OF MINORS AND CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR COMMISSION
The article provides a comprehensive criminological analysis of the causes and conditions contributing to crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors. The study examines theoretical and doctrinal approaches to distinguishing between the concepts of “causes” and “conditions” of crime and assesses their significance in the formation of criminal behavior. The purpose of the research is to identify the key criminological determinants of crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors and to clarify the role of objective and subjective factors influencing their commission. Particular attention is paid to subjective and objective factors influencing the commission of such crimes, including family upbringing, social environment, the level of legal and moral awareness of minors, and victimological characteristics of victims’ behavior. Based on the analysis of statistical data, criminal case materials, and judicial practice, the article reveals the dynamics, structure, and latent nature of crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors. The research is based on the analysis of official crime statistics, the study of criminal case materials, and comparative legal analysis of legislation regulating the age of sexual consent in foreign countries. The paper also addresses the consequences of sexual crimes for the physical and psychological development of children and presents a comparative legal analysis of the age of sexual consent in foreign jurisdictions. The article concludes with recommendations aimed at improving mechanisms for the prevention of sexual crimes against minors and strengthening the protection of children’s rights.
crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors, criminological causes, crime conditions, victimology, family upbringing, latent crime, crime prevention, sexual offenses, age of sexual consent
GENERAL SUPERVISION IN THE MECHANISM OF ENSURING LEGALITY: THE THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT OF PROSECUTORIAL ACTIVITY
This scientific article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the so-called “general supervision” as a universal and system-forming direction of prosecutorial activity within the mechanism of ensuring the rule of law and constitutional legality. The paper reconsiders the doctrinal content of general supervision, analyzing its legal nature, functional purpose, and place within the system of state and public control. Special attention is paid to the structural elements of the subject of prosecutorial supervision, including compliance with the Constitution, implementation of laws, and conformity of legal acts with legislative requirements, as well as their relationship with other forms of prosecutorial activity. Based on theoretical-legal and formal-legal analysis, the article substantiates the thesis that the universal character of general supervision is manifested not only in the broad scope of supervised entities but also in the ability of the prosecution to exercise oversight regardless of the departmental affiliation of organs and organizations, promptly responding to violations of legality in various spheres of public relations. It is shown that general supervision represents an independent type of legal activity aimed at detecting, preventing, and suppressing legal violations, restoring infringed rights and lawful interests of citizens, and ensuring uniform application of legislation throughout the state territory. The article also identifies and analyzes problematic aspects of implementing general supervision, including normative uncertainty of its content, duplication of control functions with other public authorities, significant workload on prosecutorial bodies, and insufficient development of criteria for evaluating supervisory effectiveness.
general supervision, prosecution, constitutional legality, subject of supervision, law enforcement, legality, rule of law state
LEGAL REGULATION, PRACTICE, AND SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF LAND SERVITUDE IN THE LEGISLATION OF UZBEKISTAN AND CIS COUNTRIES
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations, historical development, modern trends, and legislative changes concerning legal relations related to land servitudes in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Special attention is given to the various forms of restricted land use rights (servitudes) for private and public needs, their legal basis, and pressing issues in practice. The article discusses the procedures for establishing servitude rights, grounds for their termination, disputes arising from servitudes, and mechanisms for their resolution. A comparative analysis is also made with the practices of CIS countries, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and the Russian Federation, highlighting both positive and negative aspects. The article outlines Uzbekistan’s experience in regulating servitude relations, achievements, and shortcomings and offers a critical assessment of mechanisms that have proven ineffective in practice. Finally, the article presents proposals and future directions for improving the servitude institution.
land servitude, restricted use right, real servitude, personal servitude, state needs, private property, property owner rights, legal reforms
THE IMPORTANCE OF INTRODUCING REGIONAL “ROADMAPS” IN SUPPORTING YOUTH EMPLOYMENT
The article analyzes modern mechanisms for ensuring youth employment, the need to develop “road maps” tailored to regional labor markets, and their practical effectiveness. Specifically, the study examines a model for regional programs aimed at increasing youth employment, drawing on data from several specific regions. Furthermore, proposals will be put forward to establish a vocational training system, taking into account the needs of the local labor market. Grounded in the President’s Address to the Oliy Majlis and the people, the article investigates regional production and employment issues, with a focus on youth demographics. Special emphasis is placed on the potential for creating a high-quality labor market by leveraging internal regional resources. The main idea of this article is that one of the priority tasks is the development of a mechanism for solving employment issues related to the group of social rights of youth, as well as the harmonious formation of this mechanism with legislative acts aimed at increasing the economic potential of the regions. It should be noted that the wide opportunities and attention given to young people by the head of state today are based on the future of our country.
youth employment, roadmap, labor market, regional specialization, vocational training, internship, employment program
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LABOR LAW OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
This article examines the system of fundamental principles of labor law enshrined in Article 3 of the Labor Code of the Kyrgyz Republic. Using doctrinal, historical, and comparative legal methods, the study analyzes the evolution of labor law principles from the first Labor Code of 1997 through the 2004 Code to the current Code adopted in 2025. Special attention is paid to the legal content, structure, and practical implementation of key principles, including freedom of labor, prohibition of forced labor, non-discrimination, and the right to fair remuneration, protection against unjustified dismissal, safe working conditions, and social protection against unemployment. The research also identifies gaps between the declarative formulation of these principles and their actual enforcement in legal practice. The article argues that while the 2025 Labor Code consolidates a socially oriented and balanced model of labor regulation, further legislative clarification and institutional mechanisms are necessary to ensure that labor law principles function as effective legal guarantees rather than purely symbolic norms.
labor law, fundamental principles, Labor Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, freedom of labor, non-discrimination, forced labor, social protection, employment rights, labor legislation reform
A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL LEGAL POLICY MODELS
This article provides a comparative legal analysis of the national legal policy models of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Republic of Belarus. The study conceptualizes legal policy as the state’s strategic activity aimed at shaping and developing the legal system and focuses on identifying its constitutional foundations, regulatory priorities, and institutional mechanisms. The findings demonstrate that the substance and orientation of legal policy models are directly linked to a state’s political and legal structure, the degree of separation of powers, and the system of legal values. The German model is grounded in the primacy of the rule of law state and constitutional review, whereas the Russian and Belarusian models reveal a close interconnection between legal policy and state interests, as well as political stability. The legal policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is characterized as a transitional model that combines strategic planning with legal modernization. The article substantiates that these conclusions not only enrich legal policy theory but also hold scientific and practical significance for improving national legal systems and planning legal reform processes.
legal policy, national legal model, rule of law, constitutional review, state–law relations, regulatory legal system, legal modernization, comparative legal analysis, legal reforms
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF THE RIGHT TO INTERNET ACCESS: A NEW GENERATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
In this article, it is thoroughly analyzed how the use of the Internet has acquired the status of a fundamental right within the framework of international law and how this process has been successful in some cases. The study examines such important legal frameworks as regional normative documents on human rights, and statements of the Special Rapporteurs, decisions of the UN Human Rights Council as well as the experience of new states. This study reveals important contradictions through theoretical analysis and practical study of Internet disruptions and access barriers. On the one hand, at least at the theoretical level, there is growing international consensus on the issue of digital rights. However, real practice demonstrates an even more alarming picture: government structures continue to impose restrictions largely unpunished, often relying on vague interpretations of national security, which indicates that international law does not have sufficient force to act as an effective barrier. The study shows that although access to the Internet has not achieved the status of an autonomous human right in compulsory contract law, its functional necessity for the exercise of established rights (freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, and freedom of information) has created what can be called de facto directly through the back door.
internet access, human rights, international law, digital rights, freedom of expression, UN resolutions, internet shutdowns, digital divide
CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORISM FINANCING
The study is devoted to the legal nature and theoretical justification of the concept of terrorism financing, which is considered as an independent crime that emerged as a result of the development of international and national anti-terrorism legislation. The paper analyzes the subject and topic of the research by establishing the connection between terrorism, crimes of a terrorist nature, and the financial mechanisms that ensure their commission. The aim of the research is to identify problems related to the legal definition of terrorism financing and to substantiate the need for its normative improvement. The relevance of the study is determined by the absence of a unified approach in legislation and doctrine, which complicates law-enforcement practice and the identification of this act. The methodological basis consists of comparative-legal, systemic, and formal-legal methods. As a result, significant differences between international and national definitions of terrorism and terrorism financing were identified, demonstrating the incompleteness of current formulations and the need for an expanded interpretation. The practical significance lies in the possibility of applying the proposed conclusions to improve criminal legislation and mechanisms for combating terrorism financing. It is concluded that clarifying the normative definition, taking into account international standards, and incorporating the category of crimes of a terrorist nature into legal regulation are essential for the proper qualification of terrorism financing.
Terrorism, crimes of a terrorist nature, international standards for combating terrorism, terrorism financing, legal regulation, criminal liability, terrorist act, national legislation
THE ROLE OF MEZZANINE CAPITAL IN FINANCING ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY AND ITS LEGAL REGULATION
This article aims to examine the role of mezzanine financing – a non-traditional, hybrid instrument – in situations where conventional methods (bank loans, leasing) lack flexibility and sufficient risk appetite for innovative projects. Mezzanine finance combines elements of debt and equity, allowing companies to attract substantial capital without diluting existing shareholding, and holds an intermediate position in the priority ranking during insolvency, situated between senior creditors and shareholders. The core of the research consists of a comparative analysis of mezzanine’s legal regulation. The article details the relationships between the key participants in a Mezzanine transaction – the borrower, the senior creditor, and the mezzanine creditor – including their priority, the collateral (shares/equity interests), and return requirements. The conclusion substantiates the need to implement relevant norms into Uzbekistan’s national legislation, drawing on the similarities between mezzanine and existing financing types, including the introduction of accelerated foreclosure procedures and the establishment of legal certainty for private investments.
hybrid capital, mezzanine financing, legal regulation, entrepreneurship, investor, structural subordination, share
PROPERTY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (3D PRINTING): A SUI GENERIS PERSPECTIVE WITHIN CIVIL LAW
The article examines the complex civil-law regulation of digital and physical objects created through additive manufacturing technologies. Drawing on comparative analysis of the Uzbek Civil Code, the Laws on Copyright, Patents, and E-Commerce, and strategic documents such as the Strategy “Uzbekistan – 2030” and Digital Uzbekistan–2030, the study identifies significant legal gaps in defining ownership, authorship, and liability concerning 3D-printed objects and their digital design files (CAD models). The article contrasts Uzbekistan’s framework with the approaches of the EU, USA, China, Germany, France, and post-Soviet jurisdictions, emphasizing how most countries rely on adapting existing property and intellectual property doctrines rather than introducing a new regulatory regime. The analysis highlights unresolved doctrinal issues such as the dual nature of 3D-printed property (digital and material), uncertainty of rights transfer in digital environments, and insufficient enforcement mechanisms for online infringements. Finally, the author proposes sui generis reforms within Uzbekistan’s civil law – clarifying digital goods ownership, expanding copyright scope to CAD files, introducing limited-use exceptions, and strengthening IP enforcement online – aligning national legislation with international best practice and the technological goals of Strategy 2030.
additive manufacturing, 3D printing, property rights, intellectual property, digital goods, CAD files, copyright, sui generis regulation
THE ROLE AND POWERS OF LOCAL COUNCILS IN THE FIELD OF LOCAL BUDGET MANAGEMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the evolving role of local councils (Kengashes) in Uzbekistan’s budget formation and execution processes within the framework of ongoing decentralization and public financial management reforms. Drawing on the Constitution, the Budget Code, and the Law “On Local State Authority,” it identifies the constitutional and legal foundations of council authority in fiscal governance. The study employs a qualitative legal-document analysis method combined with international assessments. Findings show that recent reforms have significantly enhanced transparency, citizen participation, and local fiscal oversight. The article highlights that while Uzbekistan’s legal architecture provides robust powers for local councils in budget approval and monitoring, practical challenges remain in ensuring effective autonomy, data transparency, and fiscal discipline at subnational levels. Strengthening institutional capacity, ensuring consistent oversight by councils, and aligning with international governance standards are emphasized as prerequisites for sustainable fiscal decentralization. Overall, the research concludes that empowering local councils through legal and procedural reforms can transform them into key drivers of accountable, inclusive, and development-oriented local governance.
local councils, budget process, fiscal decentralization, budget transparency, participatory budgeting, public financial management
LEGAL ANALYSIS OF JOURNALISTIC INVESTIGATION
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of journalistic investigation, examining its theoretical foundations, developmental stages, and position within contemporary journalism. By synthesizing scholarly sources and practical examples, the study clarifies the essence, social functions, and distinct characteristics of the investigative branch. It further explores the legal framework and ethical principles governing information collection and dissemination, emphasizing the journalist’s rights and obligations. Special attention is directed toward the role of investigative journalism in facilitating public oversight and strengthening the transparency and accountability of civil society institutions. The research scientifically substantiates the genre’s potential for identifying societal problems, monitoring state bodies, combating corruption, and promoting social justice. Additionally, the study distinguishes between “journalistic investigation” and “journalistic inquiry,” comparing national and international scholarly perspectives on their objectives and scope. The article concludes by defining the significance of the investigative genre within modern journalism theory and the global information landscape.
public oversight, journalist, journalistic investigation, inquiry, monitoring, information
THE BRITISH NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICING MODEL: ADAPTATION POTENTIAL IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the institutional, legal, and practical aspects of the British neighbourhood policing model, as implemented in London, to assess its adaptability to Uzbekistan. Employing a methodological blend of comparative legal analysis, institutional theory, and empirical sociological methods, the study evaluates the model’s core elements, drawing on UK legislation (e.g., National Security Act 2023), the City of London Police Strategy (2024–2025), and Office for National Statistics data. Key features include administrative clustering, Dedicated Ward Officers, Partnership and Prevention Hubs, Cluster Panel Meetings, and the Community Profile digital tool, underpinned by evidence-based policing, territorial accountability, transparency, and participatory governance. A sociological survey in Uzbekistan (n=300) highlights strong spatial identity, public willingness to collaborate with law enforcement, and demand for enhanced police visibility. The article proposes adapting the model through Uzbekistan’s National Guard, introducing a Mahalla Community Profile, analytical hubs, and cluster-based community engagement. An adaptation algorithm is outlined, focusing on regulatory frameworks, personnel professionalization (aligned with ProQual Level 3), digital security management, and feedback mechanisms. The study’s novelty lies in its strategic approach to localizing a foreign policing model, accounting for Uzbekistan’s cultural, spatial, and institutional contexts. Its findings offer theoretical insights for policing reform and practical guidance for public safety policies in developing nations.
public safety, neighbourhood policing, Dedicated Ward Officers (DWOs), Mahalla Community Profile, cluster model, evidence-based policing, civic partnership, institutional transformation, procedural justice, digital security governance
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS AND DIRECT CONTRACTING PRACTICES IN ROAD TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT: A LEGAL ANALYSIS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
The article analyzes practical issues in establishing effective governance and a healthy competitive environment in the development of road-transport infrastructure in Uzbekistan. It demonstrates that the merging of regulatory and operational functions, along with privileges granted to certain entities, leads to conflicts of interest and inequality. Specifically, the Road Committee serves as both customer and contractor, and government agencies are permitted to sign direct contracts with their affiliated organizations without tenders. The legislative framework is examined, and legal recommendations to improve competition are proposed. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of effective anti-corruption measures in the transport and road infrastructure sector. The study highlights corruption-related risks in this field and their negative impact on economic development and social stability. The research examines the current legal framework in Uzbekistan, focusing on ensuring transparency in tender processes, preventing conflicts of interest, and strengthening accountability mechanisms. In addition, international practices, including those of the World Bank, OECD, European countries, and the United States, are analyzed to explore the potential for adapting these experiences to national legislation. The paper emphasizes modern approaches to combating corruption, such as the introduction of digital technologies, the establishment of open data platforms, and the improvement of monitoring and liability systems. The findings aim to promote transparency and competition in the sector, enhance the efficiency of public spending, and improve the investment climate. This study is of significant theoretical and practical value and can serve as a scientific basis for improving the national anti-corruption strategy in the field of transport infrastructure.
road infrastructure, regulatory and operational functions, conflict of interest, tender transparency, direct contracts, anti-corruption measures, road infrastructure, public procurement, transparency, conflict of interest, open tenders, digital platforms, OECD standards, World Bank practices
COMBATING CORRUPTION IN UZBEKISTAN: LEGAL REFORMS, INSTITUTIONAL PROGRESS, AND REMAINING CHALLENGES
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the development of anti-corruption policies in Uzbekistan. A significant shift occurred under President Shavkat Mirziyoyev’s leadership, with the introduction of comprehensive reforms. These included the establishment of a dedicated Anti-Corruption Agency and numerous presidential decrees aimed at preventing corruption risks, enhancing public oversight, and ensuring merit-based public service appointments. In this context, the 2022 Development Strategy reinforced a strict zero-tolerance policy toward corruption, emphasizing institutional accountability. However, significant obstacles continue to impede progress to some extent. Over a four-year period, more than 9,500 corruption offenses were recorded, causing substantial financial damage. Corruption remains entrenched due to legislative gaps and inadequate enforcement. Furthermore, the author concludes that corruption should be understood as a deeply rooted socio-economic and ethical challenge. To prevent and eradicate corruption, integrated reforms, rigorous oversight, risk assessment, civic engagement, and adherence to ethical standards are essential.
legislative attention, preventive systems, international guidelines, global legal standards, academic perspectives, legal precision
THE IMPORTANCE OF CLARIFYING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PROSECUTOR IN THE APPELLATE COURT
This article examines theoretical rules, concepts, and opinions on the general conditions for verifying the legality, validity, and fairness of judgments, rulings, and decisions, as reflected in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It explores the content and essence of amendments and additions to the procedures for filing a complaint (protest) against a judgment or ruling of the court of first instance, as well as the significance of these innovations in the theory and practice of criminal procedural law and their role in the activities of criminal justice. Additionally, an analysis of the prosecutor’s role as a party in the court of appeal, as a higher instance, and their powers is presented. From the perspective of the new norms of criminal procedural legislation, this scientific work describes modern legal factors of appeals, which serve as mechanisms for reviewing court decisions in criminal cases, and the grounds for canceling or amending court decisions. To highlight the relevance of the topic, the author gives special attention to the opinions and views of procedural scholars in various educational and scientific literature on the science and field of criminal procedural law, the need to revise judicial documents in recent years, and an analysis of the powers and responsibilities of judges in judicial practice in this regard.
legal validity, fairness of judgments, ruling of the court of first instance, higher instance, court decision, legal factors
CURRENT PRACTICE OF USING SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES INVOLVING CAUSING BODILY HARM
This article explores the use of specialized knowledge in investigating crimes involving bodily harm, highlighting its essential role in achieving just and effective outcomes. The study focuses on the application of forensic medical examination, criminalistic methods, and other specialized fields within the investigative framework. The topic’s significance is driven by the high prevalence of bodily harm cases in crime statistics, with expert opinions playing a pivotal role in ensuring fairness and precision in investigations. The article aims to assess the effectiveness of specialized knowledge, pinpoint existing challenges, and propose ways to expand its application in investigative practice. The research employs a methodology that includes legal analysis, a thorough literature review, empirical observations from investigative practices, and insights from expert opinions. The findings provide practical and scientific insights to optimize law enforcement operations, enhance investigation quality, and strengthen the reliability of expert conclusions, contributing to a more equitable and robust criminal justice system.
bodily injury, criminal investigation, special knowledge, forensic medical examination, criminalistics, psychological examination, investigative practice, expert opinion, legal analysis, criminal procedural legislation
THE MANDATORY VIDEO RECORDING OF INTERROGATIONS IN UZBEKISTAN: PERSPECTIVES AND ADVANTAGES
This paper describes the issue of video recording interrogations, providing a thorough analysis of the experiences of several foreign countries, including Japan, the US, Canada, and Poland, as well as the opinions of scholars in this field. The paper describes two main categories of advantages the video recording of interrogations offers, both of which contain detailed analysis of several factors that contribute to the establishment of mandatory video recording of interrogations in Uzbekistan. The first category includes benefits in ensuring human rights during interrogations, and the second category focuses on the compliance of interrogations with the norms and provisions of criminal procedural legislation. Although there may be potential disadvantages to the video recording of interrogations, the authors have put a strong emphasis on the advantages this innovation offers and provided specific examples for each advantage. The authors have also suggested adding new provisions and amending the existing ones regarding the mandatory recording of interrogations in the Criminal Procedure Code of Uzbekistan in line with the analysis of foreign countries’ experiences in this field.
mandatory video recording, interrogation, videotapes, compliance of interrogation, human rights, procedural legislation
THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF LAND SERVITUDE IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN REGION
This article explores the legal foundations for the emergence of limited rights to use land plots and examines the historical development of servitudes within the Central Asian khanates. Servitudes were primarily formed through agreements between communities and were regulated by evolving and traditional governance systems. During the khanate period, the forms of servitudes, including rights of access to land and the use of natural resources, evolved to reflect the cultural and social needs of society. In the Soviet era, the monopolization of land and natural resources as state property halted the development of servitudes. However, by the late 20th century, following the collapse of Soviet rule, legislation and regulations related to servitudes were revised, paving the way for their integration into the modern legal framework. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, the contemporary regulation of servitudes is being implemented through new provisions in the Land Code. This process serves as a crucial legal foundation for land and property management, introducing new forms of legal relationships and enhancing their economic and social significance. Servitudes play an important role in the country’s economic development, particularly in the fields of agriculture and infrastructure. Proper and effective regulation of servitudes helps improve relations between landowners and other legal entities. Furthermore, efficient mechanisms are being developed to define the legal basis of servitudes and resolve related disputes.
Central Asia, servitude, property rights, traditional norms, Soviet era, land plot, limited usage rights, legal relations
BIOTECHNOLOGY SUBJECTS: MULTI-LEVEL LEGAL CLASSIFICATION
This research examines the complex multi-level system of civil law relations subjects operating within the biotechnology sector. The study addresses the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of biotechnology legal frameworks, analyzing the intricate relationships between primary, secondary, and regulatory actors in the biotechnology ecosystem. The research methodology encompasses comparative legal analysis, institutional economics approaches, and multi-helix innovation models to understand the distinctive characteristics of biotechnology civil law relations. The investigation reveals that biotechnology sector subjects fundamentally differ from traditional civil law classifications, requiring specialized theoretical approaches due to their interdisciplinary nature and complex multi-layered structure. Results demonstrate that successful biotechnology systems depend on balanced regulatory frameworks, multi-sectoral cooperation, and continuous adaptability principles. The research scope extends to international experiences from the United States, the European Union, and Japan, providing insights for developing nations. Key findings indicate that digital transformation creates new subject categories, including AI-powered drug discovery companies and blockchain-based solutions, fundamentally altering traditional biotechnology ecosystems. The study concludes that future biotechnology subject systems will become increasingly complex, with emerging fields like synthetic biology, convergent technologies, and quantum biotechnology requiring new legal frameworks and ethical considerations.
biotechnology law, civil law relations, innovation ecosystem, legal classification, regulatory framework, multi-level system, biotechnology subjects, technology transfer
ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FORMS OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS: CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS
This scientific article provides a comprehensive constitutional and legal analysis of the organizational and legal forms of non-governmental non-profit organizations (NGOs). NGOs are considered as an important institution that enables citizens to express their interests, actively participate in social processes, and directly influence the system of public administration in modern society. Therefore, the issue of defining their legal status, organizational and legal forms, and mechanisms of activity on a constitutional basis is of particular relevance. The article first reveals the concept of NGOs and their legal characteristics. The constitutional right of citizens to freedom of association is examined, and the role of NGOs as one of the main forms of exercising this right is substantiated. Various organizational and legal forms defined in national legislation – public associations, foundations, institutions, unions, and other structures – are analyzed in terms of their legal status, procedures of establishment, mechanisms of activity, control, and state support. Furthermore, the experience of foreign countries is studied and compared with the practice of Uzbekistan. In this process, the constitutional and legal status of NGOs in democratic states, mechanisms of cooperation with the state, and their role in the development of civil society are comparatively analyzed.
non-governmental non-profit organizations, organizational and legal form, constitutional foundations, civil society, legal status, democracy, freedom of association
The growing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics into various sectors of society raises complex legal and ethical questions about their status within traditional legal frameworks. This study critically examines the concept of legal personhood for AI and robots by analyzing classical theories, pragmatic models, and emerging policy proposals. While traditional theories tie personhood to autonomy and moral agency, pragmatic approaches suggest that functional legal recognition may be necessary to address accountability gaps created by autonomous systems. The study advocates for establishing a new category of “electronic agents” endowed with limited rights and strict liabilities, designed to facilitate legal interactions without undermining human dignity or rights. Through doctrinal and comparative legal analysis, this research highlights the urgent need for international harmonization of AI regulations to prevent jurisdictional fragmentation. The findings support a cautious, balanced expansion of legal subjectivity that accommodates technological evolution while preserving core ethical principles. By proposing practical, ethically sound frameworks for AI legal integration, this study contributes to the broader discourse on the future of law in an AI-driven world.
artificial intelligence (AI), legal personhood, electronic agents, liability and accountability, human dignity, international harmonization, legal theory and technology
DISPUTES BETWEEN SHAREHOLDERS: WAYS TO RESOLVE THEM AND SOME PROBLEMS OF PROTECTING CORPORATE RIGHTS
Corporate relations based on mutual trust, honesty, and loyalty are the most important conditions for joint business. However, these alone are not sufficient to establish a joint venture. Over time, changes in the participants’ views, external influences, and unforeseen risks common in entrepreneurial activity may lead to the termination of the joint business. In such cases, the participants of the company are often tasked with preventing conflicts as much as possible, resolving them peacefully, and minimizing losses. The constituent documents of the company, which outline the rights of the participants, the conditions and methods of their implementation, and their protection, typically serve as a guarantee of relations between the participants. Additionally, the legal framework regulating corporate relations in the place of the company’s establishment contributes to the effective and stable development of corporate relations. This article examines in detail the issues of preventing and resolving disputes between shareholders of a limited liability company. A comparative analysis of foreign legislation and national legislative acts is conducted, with attention given to certain problematic situations related to regulating corporate relations. The author’s personal position is expressed regarding methods for resolving disputes between participants, as well as opinions on addressing existing gaps in legislation.
shareholder, corporate relationship, ensuring rights, protecting rights, corporate disagreement, corporate dispute, resolution of corporate disputes
MODERN CYBERCORRUPTION: CONCEPT, PROBLEMS AND WAYS OF COUNTERACTION IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN REGION
This study examines the phenomenon of cybercorruption–the use of digital technologies to carry out corrupt practices–in the context of the Central Asian region. The purpose of the study is to analyze the essence of cybercorruption, identify key manifestations of this phenomenon, and develop recommendations to counter this threat. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive analysis of the legal framework for cybersecurity and anti-corruption, a comparative study of international experience, and the systematization of recommendations from international organizations. The results indicate the growing vulnerability of the region to cybercorruption due to the insufficient adaptation of legal systems to digital transformation, the limited capacity of law enforcement agencies, and inadequate regional coordination. The proposed recommendations include improving the legal framework, developing institutional mechanisms, and expanding regional cooperation to effectively prevent and suppress cybercorruption. The presented analysis is important for the formation of a comprehensive policy to ensure digital security and transparency in Central Asia.
cybercorruption, digital finance, cybersecurity, legal regulation, cryptocurrencies, digital assets, cross-border cooperation, Central Asia
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ILLEGAL DRUG TRAFFICKING
Illicit drug trafficking has acquired a global scale in recent decades, significantly impacting the socio-psychological atmosphere in society and negatively affecting the economy, politics, and law and order. The article is devoted to the search for political instruments to counter the international drug business. It highlights the leading role of the UN, interregional organizations, and international cooperation programs in the fight against drug trafficking. The article also examines the problem of the spread of drug addiction among some young people and the efforts to combat it, addressing the country’s stance on this pressing issue. The experience of foreign countries in this area, along with the prevention and intervention measures aimed at reducing drug addiction in the population, are also discussed. It is concluded that addressing the drug problem is a common and shared responsibility of states, which requires effective and enhanced international cooperation, as well as an integrated, interdisciplinary, mutually reinforcing and balanced approach through supply and demand reduction strategies.
UN conventions, anti-drug policy, drugs, drug trafficking, drug business, drug addiction, struggle, harm, crime, smuggling, proposals
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS FOR PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION IN BIG DATA ANALYSIS: CONSENT AND CONTRACTS
This article examines the legal aspects of personal data processing conditions and contractual relations in the context of Big Data. The importance of consent in the placement and use of personal data on digital platforms and social networks, user agreements, and mechanisms for obtaining consent for personal data processing have been studied in detail. A comparative analysis of consent requirements established in international documents such as the GDPR, CCPA, PIPA, and the legislation of Uzbekistan has been conducted. Issues related to processing personal data based on legitimate interests in Big Data analysis, and balancing these interests with individual rights and freedoms have been investigated. Problems associated with data processing based on contractual obligations, the activities of data brokers, and the use of publicly posted data on social networks have also been studied. New innovative methods of data processing, particularly step-by-step consent, context-based consent, and automated consent systems, have been analyzed. The legal nature of user agreements on digital platforms as mixed contracts containing elements of license agreements and service agreements has been substantiated. Modern mechanisms for protecting data subjects’ rights, including procedures for obtaining data subjects’ consent in automated decision-making and profiling, have been proposed. Based on the research results, practical recommendations for improving national legislation have been developed, particularly proposing additions and amendments to the Law “On Personal Data.”
Big Data, personal data, consent, contractual relations, data protection, user agreements, legitimate interests, data subject, data processing, digital platform, social networks, privacy, data brokers, automated systems, security measures, license agreement, balance of legitimate interests, data owner